More about autism

Autism is a lifelong neurodivergence that influences how people experience and interact with the world. While autistic people are different from each other, a diagnosis reflects shared differences from non-autistic people in how they think, feel and communicate.

Autism is understood as a spectrum. In the past, people thought this meant a straight line between ‘more autistic’ and ‘less autistic’. However, this is not accurate. Today, we recognise that autism as a spectrum means each autistic person has a distinct combination of characteristics. That is, autistic people can differ greatly from one another, with unique strengths and challenges that shape their experiences.

Having highlighted that the presence of characteristics can vary widely between autistic people, it is important to note that these characteristics can also change over time and across different contexts, or if the person is masking. Hence, assumptions should not be made about an autistic child or young person’s skills, abilities, strengths, challenges or support needs.

Sensory Differences: Many autistic people process sensory information differently, ranging from some being able to take in a lot of sensory information, and others only able to take in one sensory input at a time. An autistic child/young person may be more or less sensitive to sounds, lights, textures, smells, or other sensory input. For example, loud noises might feel overwhelming, and/or certain fabrics uncomfortable. On the other hand, sensory experiences like spinning or watching lights might be considered enjoyable or beneficial for staying calm and focused.

Communication Differences: For an autistic child or young person, the subtle nuances of communication may require more effort. While one autistic child or young person may use spoken words, another might rely mostly on sign language or pictures, depending on what best supports their communication needs. Also, language processing can take longer for some autistic people, and repeating words or phrases may be a way they are able to communicate. Recognising and embracing diverse communication styles is essential to fostering an environment where an autistic child/young person feels listened to and understood.

Social Connection: Social connection can look different for autistic children and young people. While some may prefer one-on-one interaction, others enjoy parallel play, playing alongside rather than directly with someone. When we honour the range of social connection preferences, we create space for autistic children and young people to build relationships in ways that feel safe and comfortable.

Thinking and Interests: Autistic people may think in ways that reflect great attention to detail, and a preference for pattern recognition, logical thinking and/or visual reasoning. Many also present with a literal way of understanding information. These different ways of processing information can shape how they engage with the world, learn new things, and solve problems. Additionally, many autistic people develop focused interests that provide enjoyment, stability and deep engagement with topics that matter to them. This can include concentrating on a singular interest for long periods of time.

Routine and Predictability: Many autistic people seek repetition, predictability and sameness. Having routines or knowing what to expect can help an autistic child or young person feel secure. Predictable schedules, visual timetables, or preparation before changes can reduce stress. In contrast, sudden changes and transitions can be unsettling, especially in the absence of reasonable adjustments.

Royal College of Nursing

National Autistic Society

Autism Education Trust